The development of industry in more advanced countries has always emphasized standardization, as it brings about quality, efficiency, and consistency in production. Molds, as specialized forming tools, are not only highly customized but also industrial products. Hence, standardization plays a crucial role in their manufacturing process. Mold standardization involves the creation and implementation of technical standards, the production and use of standardized mold components, and the promotion of these standards across the industry. In China, the standardization of molds began relatively late, with limited efforts in promotion, awareness, and application. As a result, the standardization level lags behind the actual production needs and is far behind many industrially advanced nations.
Countries like Japan, the United States, and Germany have been developing mold standardization for nearly a century, establishing comprehensive systems for standard formulation, component production, and supply. China's mold standardization efforts officially started in 1983 after the establishment of the National Standardization Technical Committee for Molds. Today, there are over 20,000 mold production units in China, and the industry has seen significant growth. However, compared to the demands of modern industrial production, the level of standardization remains insufficient. One major reason is that the standardization level of mold parts is still low, affecting overall efficiency and quality.
China’s mold standardization system consists of four main categories: base standards, process quality standards, part standards, and production-related technical standards. Mold standards are further divided into ten major categories, including stamping dies, injection molds, die casting molds, forging molds, and others. Currently, China has over 50 standard mold types, more than 300 standard numbers, and 363 total standards covering various mold components. The development and adoption of these standards have significantly improved the standardization level of Chinese molds.
With increased international collaboration and the influence of foreign companies, there has been a growing emphasis on adopting international standards or advanced foreign standards. Many domestic manufacturers now produce mold standard parts according to both Chinese and foreign specifications, such as those from Japanese, American, and German companies. These foreign standards have gained popularity in China due to their quality and reliability.
The concept of "mold standardization level" is complex and differs from the general "standardization rate" used in other industries. While the latter is often measured by the usage rate of standard parts, the former refers to the coverage of standardized mold components. Due to the late start of standardization in China, the production, sales, and application of standard mold parts have lagged. This has led to issues such as limited specifications, poor compatibility, and low usage rates. Although foreign-invested enterprises have increased their presence, the overall standardization rate in China is still around 40-45%, much lower than the 70% or higher seen internationally.
In regions like Guangdong, where many foreign companies operate, the use of standardized mold parts is significantly higher. This has driven improvements in local mold production and market development. Implementing mold standards and using standard parts can enhance quality, reduce costs, and shorten production cycles. Studies show that using standard parts can save 25-45% of processing time and cut production cycles by 30-40%. With the increasing demand for small-batch, customized, and rapidly produced industrial products, the importance of mold standardization continues to grow.
Despite progress, China still faces challenges in the production and demand of mold standard parts. The industry suffers from fragmented production, inconsistent standards, and a lack of large-scale professional manufacturing. Many companies focus on price rather than quality, leading to poor product performance and reduced profitability. Sales channels are also limited, with most outlets operating on a small scale and lacking sufficient inventory.
Looking at specific components like cold die holders, injection mold bases, and push rods, the market shows varying levels of development. Cold die holders are widely used, with an estimated 80% coverage. However, production capacity is limited, leaving a gap between supply and demand. Injection mold bases are even more scattered, with many small manufacturers producing low volumes. Despite this, some larger companies have achieved significant output and market presence. Push rods and push tubes, on the other hand, are well-established, with high coverage and strong domestic production capabilities.
Elastic components and gas springs are also widely used, though high-end gas springs are largely imported. Other components, such as formwork modules and guide parts, are produced by some companies but face limitations in variety and coverage. Hot runner systems remain mostly imported, with limited domestic production.
China’s "11th Five-Year Plan" for the mold industry aims to expand the range of standard parts, improve accuracy, and achieve interchangeability. By 2010, the goal was to reach a 70% standardization rate for large mold parts. The focus includes mold bases, guides, push rods, elastic components, and hot runner systems. The guiding principle of the Standards Committee of the China Die & Mould Industry Association is clear: standardization is the foundation, specialization is the direction, and commercialization is the key. With ongoing efforts, the future of mold standardization in China looks promising, though the journey ahead remains challenging.
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